RITCHIE'S FABULAE FACILES

A FIRST LATIN READER

EDITED WITH NOTES AND A VOCABULARY

BY JOHN COPELAND KIRTLAND, Jr. Professor of Latin in The Phillips Exeter Academy

THE LITTLE THAT IS MINE IN THIS LITTLE BOOK I GRATEFULLY DEDICATE TO PROFESSOR JOSEPH HETHERINGTON M'DANIELS TEACHER AND FRIEND

PREFACE

Some time ago a fellow-teacher brought the Fabulae Faciles to my notice, and I have since used two of them each year with my class of beginners in Latin with increasing appreciation. Indeed, I know nothing better to introduce the student into the reading of connected narrative, and to bridge the great gulf between the beginner's book of the prevailing type and the Latinity of Caesar or Nepos. They are adapted to this use not merely by reason of their simplicity and interest, but more particularly by the graduating of difficulties and the large use of Caesarian words and phrases to which Mr. Ritchie calls attention in his preface.

Doubtless many American teachers have become familiar with portions of the Fabulae, for they have been freely drawn upon in several Latin readers recently published in this country. I venture to hope that those who have made the acquaintance of the work in this way will welcome a complete edition.

In England the little book has had a large use. Its pedagogical excellencies are well summed up in a letter addressed to Mr. Ritchie by the Very Rev. E.C. Wickham, formerly Head-Master of Wellington College, the well-known editor of Horace:—

"It launches the student at once in ancient life. The old classical stories, simply told, seem to me much the best material for early Latin reading. They are abundantly interesting; they are taken for granted in the real literature of the language; and they can be told without starting the beginner on a wrong track by a barbarous mixture of ancient and modern ideas.

"It combines, if I may say so, very skilfully, the interest of a continuous story, with the gradual and progressive introduction of constructions and idioms. These seem to me to be introduced at the right moment, and to be played upon long enough to make them thoroughly familiar."

In revising Mr. Ritchie's book for the use of American schools it has seemed best to make extensive changes. Long vowels have been marked throughout, and the orthography of Latin words has been brought into conformity with our practice. Many liberties have been taken with the text itself, especially in the latter part, in the way of making it approximate more closely to our rather strict notions of the standards of model prose. A few words and uses of words not found in the prose writers of the republic have been retained, but nothing, it is hoped, that will seriously mislead the young student. I shall welcome any criticism that may lead to further changes in the text in future editions.

The notes are entirely new, and are intended for students who have but just finished the beginner's book or have not yet finished it. Some notes may appear at first sight unnecessary or unnecessarily hard, but the reason for their insertion should be evident when the student begins the reading of classical Latin, the difficulties of which will be less likely to appal the beginner if some of them have been already conquered. I believe it a mistake to postpone all treatment of the uses of the subjunctive, for instance, or of the constructions of indirect discourse until the study of Nepos or Caesar is begun. Besides, it is easier to neglect notes than to supply them, and the teacher who prefers to do the first reading without much attention to the more difficult constructions will only need to tell his students to disregard certain of my notes—or all of them.

There are no references to the grammars, but syntax has been given such treatment as seemed needed to supplement its treatment in the beginner's book. Teachers will therefore be able to postpone the use of a formal manual of grammar, if they so desire. Those who wish their classes to begin the reading of Latin at the earliest possible moment will find it feasible to use this book as soon as the inflections and the more elementary principles of syntax have been mastered.

In the vocabulary, the derivation or composition and the original meaning of words have been indicated wherever these seemed likely to prove helpful. Principal parts and genitives have been given in such a way as to prevent misunderstanding, and at the same time emphasize the composition of the verb or the suffix of the noun: for example, abscídó, -cídere, -cídí, -císus; aetás, -tátis.

The lists of works of English literature and of art in which the myths are treated are only suggestive. Occasional readings from the one and exhibitions of representations of the other, either in the form of photographs or by the stereopticon, will not only stimulate interest in the Latin text but aid also in creating in the student a taste for literature and for art.

I planned at first to add some exercises for retranslation, but after careful consideration it has seemed not worth while. Most teachers will prefer not to base composition upon the Latin read at this stage, and those who wish to do so will find it an easy matter to prepare their own exercises, or can draw upon the copious exercises prepared by Mr. Ritchie and published separately under the title Imitative Exercises in Easy Latin Prose.

In the reading of proof I have had generous help from Dr. F.K. Ball of The Phillips Exeter Academy, Mr. J.C. Flood of St. Mark's School, and Mr. A.T. Dudley of Noble and Greenough's School, Boston. The proof-sheets have been used with the beginner's class in this Academy, and I have thus been able to profit by the criticism of my associate Mr. G.B. Rogers, and to test the work myself. The assistance of my wife has greatly lightened the labor of verifying the vocabulary.

JOHN C. KIRTLAND, Jr.

EXETER, N.H., 7 March, 1903.

THE MYTHS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE

PERSEUS

Hawthorne, A Wonder-Book: The Gorgon's Head. Kingsley, The Heroes: Perseus. Cox, Tales of Ancient Greece: Medusa, Danae, Perseus, Andromeda, Akrisios. Francillon, Gods and Heroes: The Adventures of Perseus. Kingsley, Andromeda. William Morris, The Earthly Paradise: The Doom of King Acrisius. Lewis Morris, The Epic of Hades: Andromeda. Dowden, Andromeda. Shelley, On the Medusa of Leonardo da Vinci. D. G. Rossetti, Aspecta Medusa.

HERCULES

Hawthorne, A Wonder-Book: The Three Golden Apples. Cox, Tales of Ancient Greece: The Toils of Herakles. Francillon, Gods and Heroes: The Hero of Heroes. William Morris, The Earthly Paradise: The Golden Apples. Lewis Morris, The Epic of Hades: Deianeira. Lang's translation of Theocritus, Idyls xxiv, xxv.

THE ARGONAUTS

Apollonius of Rhodes, The Tale of the Argonauts, translated by Way. D.O.S. Lowell, Jason's Quest. Hawthorne, Tanglewood Tales: The Golden Fleece. Kingsley, The Heroes: The Argonauts. Cox, Tales of Ancient Greece: Phrixos and Helle, Medeia. Church, Heroes and Kings: The Story of the Ship Argo. Francillon, Gods and Heroes: The Golden Fleece. William Morris, The Life and Death of Jason. Bayard Taylor, Hylas. John Dyer, The Fleece. Lang's translation of Theocritus, several of the Idyls.

ULYSSES

Homer, The Odyssey, translated by Bryant (verse), William Morris (verse), Palmer (prose), Butcher and Lang (prose). Lamb, The Adventures of Ulysses. Hawthorne, Tanglewood Tales: Circe's Palace. Cox, Tales of Ancient Greece: The Lotos-Eaters, Odysseus and Polyphemos, Odysseus and Kirké. Church, Stories from Homer: The Cyclops, The Island of Aeolus, Circé. Tennyson, The Lotos-Eaters. Matthew Arnold, The Strayed Reveler. Dobson, The Prayer of the Swine to Circe.

THE MYTHS IN ART

Burne-Jones, Perseus and the Graeae. Caravaggio, Head of Medusa. Leonardo da Vinci, Head of Medusa. Canova, Perseus. Benvenuto Cellini, Perseus, and Perseus saving Andromeda. Piero di Cosimo, Perseus and Andromeda. Charles Antoine Coypel, Perseus and Andromeda. Domenichino, Perseus and Andromeda. Rubens, Perseus and Andromeda. Giovanni da Bologna, Hercules and the Centaur. Bandinelli, Hercules and Cacus. Guido Reni, Dejanira and the Centaur Nessus. Canova, Hercules and Lichas. Sichel, Medea. Genelli, Jason and Medea capturing the Golden Fleece. Burne-Jones, Circe. L. Chalon, Circe and the Companions of Ulysses. Rivière, Circe and the Companions of Ulysses.

Photographs and lantern-slides of all the works mentioned above may be obtained of the Soule Art Company, Boston. The list might have been made much longer, but it seemed likely to prove most helpful if limited to works of which reproductions are so easily obtainable. For the treatment of the myths in ancient art, the teacher is referred to the numerous pertinent illustrations in Baumeister's Denkmäler des klassischen Altertums, or the same editor's Bilder aus dem griechischen und römischen Altertum für Schüler, the latter of which contains the cuts of the larger work, and is so cheap and so useful that it ought to lie on the desk of every teacher of Greek or Latin.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Fabulae Faciles, or 'Easy Stories.' are four Greek myths retold in Latin, not by a Roman writer, however, but by an Englishman, who believed that they would afford interesting and pleasant reading for young folks who were just beginning the study of the Latin language. By myth is meant an imaginative tale that has been handed down by tradition from remote antiquity concerning supernatural beings and events. Such tales are common among all primitive peoples, and are by them accepted as true. They owe their origin to no single author, but grow up as the untutored imagination strives to explain to itself the operations of nature and the mysteries of life, or amuses itself with stories of the brave exploits of heroic ancestors.

The most beautiful and delightful of all myths are those that have come down to us in the remains of the literature and the art of ancient Greece and Rome; they are also the most important to us, for many of the great masterpieces of English literature and of modern art have been inspired by them and cannot be understood and appreciated by one ignorant of classical mythology.

Of this mythology the Fabulae Faciles give but a small part. If you wish to know more of the subject, you should read Gayley's The Classic Myths in English Literature, Guerber's Myths of Greece and Rome, or the books by Kingsiey, Cox, Church, and Francillon mentioned earlier.

PERSEUS

Acrisius, an ancient king of Argos, had been warned by an oracle that he should perish by the hand of his grandson. On discovering, therefore, that his daughter Danae had given birth to a son, Acrisius endeavored to escape his fate by setting both mother and child adrift on the sea. They were saved, however, by the help of Jupiter; and Perseus, the child, grew up at the court of Polydectes, king of Seriphos, an island in the Aegean Sea. On reaching manhood, Perseus was sent by Polydectes to fetch the head of Medusa, one of the Gorgons. This dangerous task he accomplished with the help of Apollo and Minerva, and on his way home he rescued Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus, from a sea-monster. Perseus then married Andromeda, and lived some time in the country of Cepheus. At length he returned to Seríphos, and turned Polydectes to stone by showing him the Gorgon's head; he then went to the court of Acrisius, who fled in terror at the news of his grandson's return. The oracle was duly fulfilled, for Acrisius was accidentally killed by a quoit thrown by Perseus.

1. THE ARK

Haec nárrantur á poétís dé Perseó. Perseus fílius erat Iovis, máximí deórum; avus éius Acrisius appellábátur. Acrisius volébat Perseum nepótem suum necáre; nam propter óráculum puerum timébat. Comprehendit igitur Perseum adhúc infantem, et cum mátre in arcá lígneá inclúsit. Tum arcam ipsam in mare coniécit. Danaé, Perseí máter, mágnopere territa est; tempestás enim mágna mare turbábat. Perseus autem in sinú mátris dormiébat.

2. JUPITER SAVES HIS SON

Iuppiter tamen haec omnia vídit, et fílium suum serváre cónstituit. Tranquillum igitur fécit mare, et arcam ad ínsulam Seríphum perdúxit. Húius ínsulae Polydectés tum réx erat. Postquam arca ad lítus appulsa est, Danaé in haréná quiétem capiébat. Post breve tempus á piscátóre quódam reperta est, et ad domum régis Polydectis adducta est. Ille mátrem et puerum benígné excépit, et iís sédem tútam in fínibus suís dedit. Danaé hóc dónum libenter accépit, et pró tantó benefició régí grátiás égit.

3. PERSEUS IS SENT ON HIS TRAVELS

Perseus igitur multós annós ibi habitábat, et cum mátre suá vítam beátam agébat. At Polydectés Danaén mágnopere amábat, atque eam in mátrimónium dúcere volébat. Hóc tamen cónsilium Perseó minimé grátum erat. Polydectés igitur Perseum dímittere cónstituit. Tum iuvenem ad sé vocávit et haec díxit: "Turpe est hanc ígnávam vítam agere; iam dúdum tú aduléscéns es. Quó úsque híc manébis? Tempus est arma capere et virtútem praestáre. Hinc abí, et caput Medúsae mihi refer."

4. PERSEUS GETS HIS OUTFIT

Perseus ubi haec audívit, ex ínsulá discessit, et postquam ad continentem vénit, Medúsam quaesívit. Diú frústrá quaerébat; namque nátúram locí ígnórábat. Tandem Apolló et Minerva viam démónstrávérunt. Prímum ad Graeás, sorórés Medúsae, pervénit. Ab hís tálária et galeam magicam accépit. Apolló autem et Minerva falcem et speculum dedérunt. Tum postquam tálária pedibus induit, in áera ascendit. Diú per áera volábat; tandem tamen ad eum locum vénit ubi Medúsa cum céterís Gorgonibus habitábat. Gorgonés autem mónstra erant specié horribilí; capita enim eárum anguibus omnínó contécta erant. Manús etiam ex aere factae erant.

5. THE GORGON'S HEAD

Rés difficillima erat caput Gorgonis abscídere; éius enim cónspectú homines in saxum vertébantur. Propter hanc causam Minerva speculum Perseó dederat. Ille igitur tergum vertit, et in speculum ínspiciébat; hóc modó ad locum vénit ubi Medúsa dormiébat. Tum falce suá caput éius únó íctú abscídit. Céterae Gorgonés statim é somnó excitátae sunt, et ubi rem vídérunt, írá commótae sunt. Arma rapuérunt, et Perseum occídere volébant. Ille autem dum fugit, galeam magicam induit; et ubi hóc fécit, statim é cónspectú eárum évásit.

6. THE SEA-SERPENT

Post haec Perseus in fínís Aethiopum vénit. Ibi Cépheus quídam illó tempore régnábat. Híc Neptúnum, maris deum, ólim offenderat; Neptúnus autem mónstrum saevissimum míserat. Hóc cottídié é marí veniébat et hominés dévorábat. Ob hanc causam pavor animós omnium occupáverat. Cépheus igitur óráculum deí Hammónis cónsuluit, atque á deó iússus est fíliam mónstró trádere. Éius autem fília, nomine Andromeda, virgó fórmósissima erat. Cépheus ubi haec audívit, mágnum dolórem percépit. Volébat tamen cívís suós é tantó perículó extrahere, atque ob eam causam imperáta Hammónis facere cónstituit.

7. A HUMAN SACRIFICE

Tum réx diem certam díxit et omnia parávit. Ubi ea diés vénit, Andromeda ad lítus déducta est, et in cónspectú omnium ad rúpem adligáta est. Omnés fátum éius déplórábant, nec lacrimás tenébant. At subitó, dum mónstrum exspectant, Perseus accurrit; et ubi lacrimás vídit, causam dolóris quaerit. Illí rem tótam expónunt et puellam démónstrant. Dum haec geruntur, fremitus terribilis audítur; simul mónstrum horribilí specié procul cónspicitur. Éius cónspectus timórem máximum omnibus iniécit. Mónstrum mágná celeritáte ad lítus contendit, iamque ad locum appropinquábat ubi puella stábat.

8. THE RESCUE

At Perseus ubi haec vídit, gladium suum édúxit, et postquam tálária induit, in áera sublátus est. Tum désuper in mónstrum impetum subitó fécit, et gladió suó collum éius graviter vulnerávit. Mónstrum ubi sénsit vulnus, fremitum horribilem édidit, et sine morá tótum corpus in aquam mersit. Perseus dum circum lítus volat, reditum éius exspectábat. Mare autem intereá undique sanguine ínficitur. Post breve tempus bélua rúrsus caput sustulit; mox tamen á Perseó íctú gravióre vulneráta est. Tum iterum sé in undás mersit, neque posteá vísa est.

9. THE REWARD OF VALOR

Perseus postquam ad lítus déscendit, prímum tálária exuit; tum ad rúpem vénit ubi Andromeda vincta erat. Ea autem omnem spem salútis déposuerat, et ubi Perseus adiit, terróre paene exanimáta erat. Ille víncula statim solvit, et puellam patrí reddidit. Cépheus ob hanc rem máximó gaudió adfectus est. Meritam grátiam pró tantó benefició Perseó rettulit; praetereá Andromedam ipsam eí in mátrimónium dedit. Ille libenter hóc dónum accépit et puellam dúxit. Paucós annós cum uxóre suá in eá regióne habitábat, et in mágnó honóre erat apud omnís Aethiopés. Mágnopere tamen mátrem suam rúrsus vidére cupiébat. Tandem igitur cum uxóre suá é régnó Cépheí discessit.

10. POLYDECTES IS TURNED TO STONE

Postquam Perseus ad ínsulam návem appulit, sé ad locum contulit ubi máter ólim habitáverat, sed domum invénit vacuam et omnínó désertam. Trís diés per tótam ínsulam mátrem quaerébat; tandem quartó dié ad templum Diánae pervénit. Húc Danaé refúgerat, quod Polydectem timébat. Perseus ubi haec cógnóvit, írá mágná commótus est; ad régiam Polydectis sine morá contendit, et ubi eó vénit, statim in átrium inrúpit. Polydectés mágnó timóre adfectus est et fugere volébat. Dum tamen ille fugit, Perseus caput Medúsae mónstrávit; ille autem simul atque hóc vídit, in saxum versus est.

II. THE ORACLE FULFILLED

Post haec Perseus cum uxóre suá ad urbem Acrisí rediit. Ille autem ubi Perseum vídit, mágnó terróre adfectus est; nam propter óráculum istud nepótem suum adhúc timébat. In Thessaliam igitur ad urbem Lárísam statim refúgit, frústrá tamen; neque enim fátum suum vítávit. Post paucós annós réx Lárísae lúdós mágnós fécit; núntiós in omnís partís dímíserat et diem édíxerat. Multí ex omnibus urbibus Graeciae ad lúdós convénérunt. Ipse Perseus inter aliós certámen discórum iniit. At dum discum conicit, avum suum cású occídit; Acrisius enim inter spectátórés éius certáminis forte stábat.

HERCULES

Hercules, a Greek hero celebrated for his great strength, was pursued throughout his life by the hatred of Juno. While yet an infant, he strangled some serpents sent by the goddess to destroy him. During his boyhood and youth he performed various marvelous feats of strength, and on reaching manhood succeeded in delivering the Thebans from the oppression of the Minÿae. In a fit of madness sent upon him by Juno, he slew his own children; and on consulting the Delphic oracle as to how he should cleanse himself from this crime, he was ordered to submit himself for twelve years to Eurystheus, king of Tiryns, and to perform whatever tasks were appointed him. Hercules obeyed the oracle, and during the twelve years of his servitude accomplished twelve extraordinary feats known as the Labors of Hercules. His death was caused unintentionally by his wife Dejanira. Hercules had shot with his poisoned arrows a centaur named Nessus, who had insulted Dejanira. Nessus, before he died, gave some of his blood to Dejanira, and told her it would act as a charm to

secure her husband's love. Some time after, Dejanira wishing to try the charm soaked one of her husband's garments in the blood, not knowing that it was poisoned. Hercules put on the robe, and after suffering terrible torments died, or was carried off by his father Jupiter.

12. THE HATRED OF JUNO