THE ELIZABETHAN STAGE VOL. I

Oxford University Press

London Edinburgh Glasgow Copenhagen New York Toronto Melbourne Cape Town Bombay Calcutta Madras Shanghai

Humphrey Milford Publisher to the UNIVERSITY

Emery Walker ph. sc.

Wedding Mask of Sir Henry Unton

National Portrait Gallery

THE ELIZABETHAN STAGE BY E. K. CHAMBERS. VOL. I

OXFORD: AT THE CLARENDON PRESS M.CMXXIII

Printed in England

[vii]

PREFACE

In 1903 I explained the origin of The Mediaeval Stage out of preliminary investigations for a little book on Shakespeare. That little book is still unwritten, and perhaps it was only a mirage, since working days have their term, and all that I can now offer, after an interval of twenty years, is another instalment of prolegomena. It has been in hand, more or less, throughout that period, which now ends felicitously with the tercentenary of the First Folio. But it has often been laid aside for other literary diversions, and still more often through the preoccupations of a life mainly concerned with activities remote from letters. As a result, I have constantly had to take account of new material furnished by the research or the speculations of others; and I only hope that in the process of revision I have succeeded in achieving a reasonable completeness of statement and a reasonable consistency in the conclusions of chapters drafted at very different dates.

Much in these volumes is of course mere archaeology, but the historian may find some interest in the development of the stage as an institution, and in the social and economic conditions which made such a development possible. My First Book is devoted to a description, perhaps disproportionate, of the Elizabethan Court, and of the ramifications in pageant and progress, tilt and mask, of that instinct for spectacular mimesis, which the Renaissance inherited from the Middle Ages, and of which the drama is itself the most important manifestation. The Second Book gives an account of the settlement of the players in London, of their conflict, backed by the Court, with the tendencies of Puritanism, and of the place which they ultimately found in the monarchical polity. To the Third and Fourth belong the more pedestrian[viii] task of following in detail the fortunes of the individual playing companies and the individual theatres, with such fullness as the available records permit. The Fifth deals with the surviving plays, not in their literary aspect, which

lies outside my plan, but as documents helping to throw light upon the history of the institution which produced them. I have not for the most part carried my investigations beyond the death of Shakespeare, and although I have sometimes regretted that I did not push on to the closing of the theatres, the decision not to do so has long been irretrievable.

Obviously I am treading a region far more carefully charted by predecessors than that of The Mediaeval Stage; but the progress of Elizabethan scholarship during recent years has been so great as to render a fresh attempt at a synthesis justifiable. I am conscious of a deeper debt than I can express to many fellow-workers, notably to my friends Dr. W. W. Greg and Mr. A. W. Pollard and Professor Feuillerat of Rennes, and to a growing band of American students, of whom I may name Professor C. W. Wallace and Mr. J. T. Murray as examples.

E. K. C.

January, 1923.

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Wedding Mask of Sir Henry Unton. From picture in National Portrait Gallery Vol. i, frontispiece

[xiv]

NOTE ON SYMBOLS

I HAVE found it convenient, especially in Appendix A, to use the symbol <, following a date, to indicate an uncertain date not earlier than that named, and the symbol >, followed by a date, to indicate an uncertain date not later than that named. Thus 1903 <> 23 would indicate the composition date of any part of this book. I have sometimes placed the date of a play in italics, where it was desirable to indicate the date of production rather than publication.

[xv]

LIST OF AUTHORITIES

[General Bibliographical Note. The few books here named are mainly those whose range is sufficiently wide to cover the greater part of my own ground. Others, more limited in their scope, are reserved for mention in the preliminary notes to the chapters upon whose subject-matter they directly bear; and in particular the bibliography of the drama, as distinct from the stage, receives full treatment in Book V. The scanty Restoration notices of the pre-Restoration stage are to be found in R. Flecknoe, A Short Discourse of the English Stage (1664), the anonymous Historia Histrionica (1699) ascribed to James Wright, and J. Downes, Roscius Anglicanus (1708). W. R. Chetwood's General History of the Stage (1749) is of no value, and its honesty is suspect. The first scholar to attempt a systematic history was E. Malone, in his Account of our Ancient Theatres (1790) and Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the English Stage (1790), of which a revised version, with much fresh matter, was included by J. Boswell in the Third Variorum Shakespeare (1821). Something was added by G. Chalmers

in the Account of the Rise and Progress of the English Stage which forms part of his Apology for the Believers in the Shakspeare-Papers (1797), and in an enlarged shape of his Supplemental Apology (1799). The first edition of J. P. Collier's History of English Dramatic Poetry and Annals of the Stage appeared in 1831. Thereafter Collier made many further contributions to the subject, in the publications of the Shakespeare Society, and in his New Facts regarding the Life of Shakespeare (1835), New Particulars regarding the Works of Shakespeare (1836), and Farther Particulars regarding Shakespeare and his Works (1839). These abound in forgeries, of which some are analysed in C. M. Ingleby, A Complete View of the Shakspere Controversy (1861), and which have not all been excluded from the current edition of the History (1879). Some new ground was broken by F. G. Fleay, who gave real stimulus to investigation by the series of hasty generalizations and unstable hypotheses contained in his On the Actor Lists, 1578-1642 (R. H. Soc. Trans. ix.

44), On the History of Theatres in London, 1576-1642 (R. H. Soc. Trans. x. 114), Shakespeare Manual (1876, 1878), Introduction to Shakespearian Study (1877), Life and Work of Shakespeare (1886), Chronicle History of the London Stage (1890), and Biographical Chronicle of the English Drama[xvi] (1891). Little is added to or corrected in Fleay by H. Maas, Äussere Geschichte der englischen Theatertruppen (1907). Some useful documents were brought together by W. C. Hazlitt, The English Drama and Stage under the Tudor and Stuart Princes (1869). An interesting account from the French point of view is given of the earlier part of the period by J. J. Jusserand, Le Théâtre en Angleterre depuis la Conquête jusqu'aux prédécesseurs immédiats de Shakespeare (1878, 1881). R. A. Small, The Stage-quarrel between Ben Jonson and the So-called Poetasters (1899), and G. P. Baker, The Development of Shakespeare as a Dramatist (1907), are also valuable studies. Light is thrown upon stage-history by other specialist books about Shakespeare,

particularly J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps, Outlines of the Life of Shakespeare (1881, 1890), and S. Lee, Life of William Shakespeare (1898, 1915, 1922). In recent years fresh material has been brought together by various researchers, notably by J. T. Murray in English Dramatic Companies (1910) and by C. W. Wallace in The Children of the Chapel at Blackfriars (1908), The Evolution of the English Drama up to Shakespeare (1912), and in a number of papers in the Nebraska University Studies and elsewhere. The Dulwich documents originally published by J. P. Collier in Memoirs of Edward Alleyn (1841), Alleyn Papers (1843), and Henslowe's Diary (1845) have been more scientifically edited by W. W. Greg in Henslowe's Diary (1904-8) and Henslowe Papers (1907), and the Extracts from Accounts of Revels at Court (1842) by P. Cunningham have been superseded and supplemented by A. Feuillerat, Documents relating to the Office of the Revels in the Time of Queen Elizabeth (1908) and Documents relating to the Revels at Court in the Time of King Edward VI and Queen Mary (1914).

The work of gathering together miscellaneous documents and studies passed from The Shakespeare Society's Papers (1844-9) to the Transactions of the New Shakspere Society (1874-92), and is now carried on by the Collections (1907-13) of the Malone Society. A summary of both the older and the recent learning will be found in A. H. Thorndike, Shakespeare's Theater (1916), and a full account of the theatres in J. Q. Adams, Shakespearean Playhouses (1917). Little importance need be attached to H. B. Baker, The London Stage (1889, 1904), or to C. Hastings, The Theatre: its Development in France and England (1901), or to R. F. Sharp, A Short History of the English Stage (1909), or to M. Jonas, Shakespeare and the Stage (1918). But J. Genest, Some Account of the English Stage (1832), is still valuable on the Restoration period, of which a modern account is given in R. W. Lowe, Thomas Betterton (1891), while W. J. Lawrence,[xvii] The Elizabethan Playhouse (1912, 1913), and A. Thaler, Shakspere to Sheridan (1922), help to trace the connexion with Elizabethan days.—The

chief histories of the Elizabethan drama are A. W. Ward, History of English Dramatic Literature to the Death of Queen Anne (1875, 1899), J. A. Symonds, Shakspere's Predecessors in the English Drama (1884, 1900), F. E. Schelling, Elizabethan Drama (1908), C. F. T. Brooke, The Tudor Drama (1912). A special aspect is dealt with in F. S. Boas, University Drama in the Tudor Age (1914), and a daughter period in G. H. Nettleton, English Drama of the Restoration and Eighteenth Century (1914). The drama of modern Europe generally is treated in J. Klein, Geschichte des Dramas (1865-75), and R. Prölss, Geschichte des neueren Dramas (1881-3), both of which are now of less value than the comprehensive Geschichte des neueren Dramas (1893-1916) of W. Creizenach, from which part of the English section has been translated as The English Drama in the Age of Shakespeare (1916). Treatises on contemporary foreign stages are A. d'Ancona, Origini del Teatro italiano (1891), E. Rigal, Le Théâtre français avant la période classique (1901), and H. A. Rennert, The Spanish Stage in

the Time of Lope de Vega (1909).—Of general histories of English literature the most important are Hazlitt-Warton, History of English Poetry, from the Twelfth to the close of the Sixteenth Century (1871), H. A. Taine, History of English Literature (1890), H. Morley, English Writers (1887-95), J. J. Jusserand, Histoire littéraire du peuple anglais (1894-1904), G. Körting, Grundriss der Geschichte der englischen Literatur (1910, mainly of bibliographical value), W. J. Courthope, History of English Poetry (1895-1910), and The Cambridge History of English Literature (1907-16), of which vols, v and vi are wholly devoted to the pre-Restoration drama. The social conditions of the period may be best studied in Shakespeare's England (1916). The most valuable bibliographical data are in W. W. Greg, A List of English Plays (1900) and A List of Masques, Pageants, &c. (1902), and in the Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers, edited by E. Arber (1875-94), for 1554-1640, and by G. E. B. Eyre (1913-14) for 1640-1708. The Dictionary

of National Biography is a standard work of reference. Of the periodicals in which dissertations on the stage and drama have been published, the most important are, in England, The Modern Language Quarterly (1896-1902) and its successor The Modern Language Review (1905-22), Notes and Queries (1850-1922), and The Library (1889-1922); in America, Modern Philology (1903-22), Modern Language Notes (1886-1922), The Publications of the Modern Language Association of America (1886-1922), The Journal of English and Germanic Philology (1897[xviii]-1921), and Studies in Philology (1915-22); and in Germany, the Jahrbuch der Deutschen Shakespeare-Gesellschaft (1865-1921), Englische Studien (1877-1922), Anglia (1878-1922), and Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen (1848-1922).

The following list of books is mainly intended to elucidate the references in the foot-notes, and has no claim to bibliographical completeness or accuracy.]

Abstract. Truth Brought to Light and Discovered by Time. 1651. [With Abstract of revenue and expenditure for 1617.]

ADAMS. A Dictionary of the Drama. By W. D. Adams. Vol. i, A-G, 1904 [all issued].

ADAMS. Shakespearean Playhouses. By J. Q. Adams. 1917.

AIKIN, Eliz. Memoirs of the Court of Queen Elizabeth. By L. Aikin. 2 vols., 1818.

AIKIN, James. Memoirs of the Court of James I. By L. Aikin. 2 vols., 1822.

ALBRECHT. Das englische Kindertheater. Von A. Albrecht. 1883. [Halle dissertation.]

ALBRIGHT. The Shakespearian Stage. By V. E. Albright. 1909.

ANCONA. Origini del Teatro italiano. Per A. d'Ancona. 2nd ed., 2 vols., 1891.

Anglia. Zeitschrift für englische Philologie. Vols. i-xlvi. 1878-1922. Beiblatt zu Anglia. Mitteilungen über englische Sprache und Literatur. Vols. i-xxxiii. 1891-1922.

ANKENBRAND. Die Figur des Geistes im Drama der englischen Renaissance. Von H. Ankenbrand. 1906.

ANSON. The Law and Custom of the Constitution. By W. R. Anson. 4th ed., 2 vols., 1909, 1911.

ARBER. Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers, 1554-1640. Edited by E. Arber. 5 vols., 1875-94.

Archiv. Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen. Vols. i-cxliii., 1848-1922. [Known as Herrig's Archiv. In progress.]

ASHMOLE. The Institution, Laws and Ceremonies of the Garter. By E. Ashmole. 1672.

AUBREY. 'Brief Lives', Chiefly of Contemporaries, set down by John Aubrey. Edited by A. Clark. 2 vols., 1898.

AYDELOTTE. Elizabethan Rogues and Vagabonds. By Frank Aydelotte. 1913. [Oxford Historical and Literary Studies.]

BAKER. The Development of Shakespeare as a Dramatist. By G. P. Baker. 1907.

BAKER. The London Stage: Its History, 1576-1888. By H. B. Baker. 2 vols., 1889; 2nd ed. 1 vol., 1904.

BALDWIN. The King's Council in England during the Middle Ages. By J. F. Baldwin. 1913.

BALLWEG. Das klassizistische Drama zur Zeit Shakespeares. Von O. Ballweg. 1910.

BAPST. Essai sur l'Histoire du Théâtre. Par E. Bapst. 1893.

[xix]

BATES-GODFREY. English Drama. A Working Basis. By K. L. Bates and L. B. Godfrey. 1896. [Wellesley College.]

BATIFFOL. The Century of the Renaissance. By L. Batiffol. Translated by E. F. Buckley. 1916.

BAYFIELD. A Study of Shakespeare's Versification. By M. A. Bayfield. 1920.

BEARD. The Office of Justice of the Peace in England in its Origin and Development. By C. A. Beard. 1904. [Columbia Univ. Studies.]

BEAUMONT. L'Ambassade de France en Angleterre sous Henri IV. Mission de Christophe de Harley, Comte de Beaumont (1602-5). Par P. P. Laffleur de Kermaingant. 2 vols., 1895.

BEESLY. Queen Elizabeth. By E. S. Beesly. 1892.

Berkeley MSS. Catalogue of the Muniments at Berkeley Castle. By I. H. Jeayes. 1892.

BESANT. London in the Time of the Stuarts. By W. Besant. 1903.

BESANT. London in the Time of the Tudors. By W. Besant. 1904.

BESANT. London South of the Thames. By W. Besant. 1912.

Bibliographica. Bibliographica. 3 vols., 1895-7.

Bibl. Soc. The Bibliographical Society.

Bibl. Trans. Transactions of the Bibliographical Society. 15 vols., 1893-1919. Index to vols. i-x, 1910; to vols. xi-xv, 1919. [Amalgamated from 1920 with The Library (q.v.).]

Biog. Dram. Biographia Dramatica: Memoirs of Dramatic Writers and Actors. To 1764 by D. E. Baker, continued to 1782 by I. Reed, and to 1811 by S. Jones. 3 vols. in 4, 1812.

BIRCH, Eliz. Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth from the Year 1581 till her Death. By T. Birch. 2 vols., 1754.

BIRCH, Henry. The Life of Henry Prince of Wales, Eldest Son of King James I. By T. Birch. 1760.

BIRCH, James. The Court and Times of James the First. Edited [from collections of T. Birch] by the Author of 'Memoirs of Sophia Dorothea'. 2 vols., 1848.

B. L. The Belles-Lettres Series.

BOAS. Shakspere and his Predecessors. By F. S. Boas. 1896.

BOAS. University Drama in the Tudor Age. By F. S. Boas. 1914.

BOHUN. A Full Account of the Character of Queen Elizabeth. By E. Bohun. 1693.

BOISSISE. L'Ambassade de France en Angleterre sous Henri IV. Mission de Jean de Thumery, Sieur de Boissise (1596-1602). Par P. P. Laffleur de Kermaingant. 2 vols., 1886.

BOLTE. Die Singspiele der englischen Komödianten und ihrer Nachfolger in Deutschland, Holland, und Scandinavien. Von J. Bolte. 1893.

BOND, Lyly. The Complete Works of John Lyly. Edited by R. W. Bond. 3 vols., 1902.

BRADLEY. Shakespearean Tragedy. By A. C. Bradley. 1904.

BRADLEY. Life of the Lady Arabella Stuart. By E. T. Bradley. 2 vols., 1889.

BRAINES. Holywell Priory and the Site of the Theatre, Shoreditch. By W. W. Braines. 1915.

[xx]

BRAINES. The Site of the Globe Playhouse. By W. W. Braines. 1921.

BRANDL. Quellen des weltlichen Dramas in England vor Shakespeare. Von A. Brandl. 1898.

BREWER. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII. Arranged and catalogued by J. S. Brewer [and afterwards J. Gairdner and R. H. Brodie]. 21 vols., 1862-1910. [Calendars of State Papers.]

BRODMEIER. Die Shakespeare-Bühne nach den alten Bühnen-Anweisungen. Von C. Brodmeier. 1904.

BROOKE. The Shakespeare Apocrypha. Edited by C. F. T. Brooke. 1908.

BROOKE. The Tudor Drama; a History of English National Drama to the Retirement of Shakespeare. By C. F. T. Brooke. 1912.

BROTANEK. Die englischen Maskenspiele. Von R. Brotanek. 1902.

BRUCE. Letters of Elizabeth and James VI. By J. Bruce. 1849. [C. S. xlvi.]

BULLEN, O. E. P. A Collection of Old English Plays. Edited by A. H. Bullen. 4 vols., 1882-5.

BURGON. Life and Times of Sir T. Gresham. By J. W. Burgon. 2 vols., 1839.

BURN. The High Commission. By J. S. Burn. 1865.

BURN. The Star Chamber. By J. S. Burn. 1870.

Cabala. Cabala, sive Scrinia Sacra: Mysteries of State and Government in Letters of Illustrious Persons and Great Ministers of State. 1654. 3rd ed., 2 Parts, 1691.

CAMDEN. G. Camdeni Annales Rerum Anglicarum et Hibernicarum Regnante Elizabetha. 1615-25. Edidit T. Hearnius. 3 vols., 1717. Transl. 3rd ed. 1635.

CAMDEN, James. Gulielmi Camdeni Annales ab Anno 1603 ad Annum 1623 [appended to Camdeni et Illustrium Virorum Epistolae, 1691].

CAPELL. Notitia Dramatica; or, Tables of Ancient Playes (from their Beginning to the Restoration of Charles the Second) so many as have been printed, with their Several Editions: faithfully compiled and digested in quite new method, by E[dward] C[apell] [1783]. [Part of The School of Shakespeare.]

CARLISLE. An Inquiry into the Place and Quality of the Gentlemen of his Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Chamber. By N. Carlisle. 1829.

CAREY. Memoirs of Robert Cary Earl of Monmouth. Edited by G. H. Powell. 1905.

CASTELAIN. Ben Jonson: l'homme et l'œuvre. Par M. Castelain. 1907.

C. D. I. Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España. Por M. Fernandez de Navarrete. 112 vols., 1842-95.

CECIL. Life of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury. By A. Cecil. 1915.

C. H. The Cambridge History of English Literature. Edited by A. W. Ward and A. R. Waller. 14 vols., 1907-16.

CHALMERS. An Apology for the Believers in the Shakspeare-Papers.[xxi] [By G. Chalmers.] 1797. [Includes an Account of the Rise and Progress of the English Stage, reprinted in Variorum iii. 410.]

CHALMERS, S. A. A Supplemental Apology for the Believers in the Shakspeare-Papers. [By G. Chalmers.] 1799. [Contains an enlarged Account of the English Stage.]

CHAMBERLAIN. Letters written by John Chamberlain during the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. Edited by S. Williams. 1861. [C. S. lxxix.]

CHAMBERLAYNE. Angliae Notitiae, or The Present State of England. By J. Chamberlayne. 1669, &c.

CHAMBERLIN. The Private Character of Queen Elizabeth. By F. Chamberlin. 1921.

CHAMBERS. Cyclopaedia of English Literature. New edition by D. Patrick. 3 vols., 1901-3. W. and R. Chambers.