The Esperanto Teacher: A Simple Course for Non-Grammarians
Title: The Esperanto Teacher: A Simple Course for Non-Grammarians
Author: Helen Fryer
Editor: Edward A. Millidge
Release date: May 1, 2005 [eBook #8177] Most recently updated: September 18, 2014
Language: English, Esperanto
Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8177
Credits: Produced by David Starner, Tiffany Vergon, William Patterson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
Perhaps to no one is Esperanto of more service than to the non-grammarian. It gives him for a minimum expenditure of time and money a valuable insight into the principles of grammar and the meaning of words, while enabling him, after only a few months of study, to get into communication with his fellow men in all parts of the world.
To place these advantages within easy reach of all is the aim of this little book. Written by an experienced teacher, revised by Mr. E. A. Millidge, and based on the exercises of Dr. Zamenhof himself, it merits the fullest confidence of the student, and may be heartily commended to all into whose hands it may come.
W. W. Padfield.
This little book has been prepared in the hope of helping those who, having forgotten the lessons in grammar which they received at school, find some difficulty in learning Esperanto from the existing textbooks. It is hoped it will be found useful not only for solitary students, but also for class work.
The exercises are taken chiefly from the "Ekzercaro" of Dr. Zamenhof. The compiler also acknowledges her indebtedness especially to the "Standard Course of Esperanto," by Mr. G. W. Bullen, and to the "Esperanto Grammar and Commentary," by Major-General Geo. Cox, and while accepting the whole responsibility for all inaccuracies and crudenesses, she desires to thank all who have helped in the preparation, and foremost among them Mr. W. W. Padfield, of Ipswich, for advice and encouragement throughout the work, and to Mr. E. A. Millidge, for his unfailing kindness and invaluable counsel and help in its preparation and revision.
The student is strongly advised to cultivate the habit of thinking in Esperanto from the very beginning of the study. To do this he should try to realise the idea mentally without putting it into English words, e.g., when learning the word "rozo" or "kolombo," let him bring the object itself before his mind's eye, instead of repeating "rozo, rose; kolombo, pigeon"; or with the sentence "la suno brilas, the sun shines," let him picture the sun shining. Having studied the lesson and learned the vocabulary, he should read the exercise, repeating each sentence aloud until he has become familiar with it and can pronounce it freely. Then turning to the English translation at the end of the book, he should write the exercise into Esperanto, compare it with the original, and re-learn and re-write if necessary. Although this method may require a little more time and trouble at first, the greater facility gained in speaking the language will well repay the outlay.
After mastering this book the student should take some reader, such as "Unua Legolibro," by Dr. Kabe, and then proceed to the "Fundamenta Krestomatio," the standard work on Esperanto, by Dr. Zamenhof.
A very good Esperanto-English vocabulary is to be found in the "Esperanto Key," ½d., or in "The Whole of Esperanto for a Penny."
A few words as to the origin of Esperanto will perhaps not be out of place here. The author of the language, Dr. Ludovic Zamenhof, a Polish Jew, was born on December 3rd, 1859, at Bielovstok, in Poland, a town whose inhabitants are of four distinct races, Poles, Russians, Germans, and Jews, each with their own language and customs, and often at open enmity with each other. Taught at home that all men are brethren, Zamenhof found everywhere around him outside the denial of this teaching, and even as a child came to the conclusion that the races hated, because they could not understand, each other. Feeling keenly, too, the disabilities under which his people specially laboured, being cut off by their language from the people among whom they lived, while too proud to learn the language of their persecutors, he set himself to invent a language which should be neutral and therefore not require any sacrifice of pride on the part of any race.
Interesting as is the story of Zamenhof's attempts and difficulties, it must suffice here to say that at the end of 1878 the new language was sufficiently advanced for him to impart it to schoolfellows like-minded with himself, and on December 17th of that year they fêted its birth, and sang a hymn in the new language, celebrating the reign of unity and peace which should be brought about by its means, "All mankind must be united in one family." But the enthusiasm of its first followers died down under the derision they encountered, and for nine years more Zamenhof worked in secret at his language, translating, composing, writing original articles, improving, polishing, till in 1887 he published his first book under the title of "An International Language by Dr. Esperanto." (Esperanto means one who hopes).
That the idea which impelled the young Zamenhof to undertake such a work is still the mainspring of his devotion to the cause is shown by the following extract from his opening speech at the second International Esperanto Congress in 1906:—"We are all conscious that it is not the thought of its practical utility which inspires us to work for Esperanto, but only the thought of the important and holy idea which underlies an international language. This idea, you all know, is that of brotherhood and justice among all peoples." And, again, in his presidential address at the third Esperanto Congress, held this year (1907) at Cambridge, he said, "We are constantly repeating that we do not wish to interfere in the internal life of the nations, but only to build a bridge between the peoples. The ideal aim of Esperantists, never until now exactly formulated, but always clearly felt, is: To establish a neutral foundation, on which the various races of mankind may hold peaceful, brotherly intercourse, without intruding on each other their racial differences."
Sur neŭtrala lingva fundamento, Komprenante unu la alian, La popoloj faros en konsento Unu grandan rondon familian.
(On the foundation of a neutral language, Understanding one another, The peoples will form in agreement One great family circle).
Helen Fryer.
December, 1907.
In Esperanto each letter has only one sound, and each sound is represented in only one way. The words are pronounced exactly as spelt, every letter being sounded.
Those consonants which in English have one simple sound only are exactly the same in Esperanto; they are—b, d, f, k, l, m, n, p, r, t, v, z (r must be well rolled).
q, w, x, y are not used.
c, g, h, s, which in English represent more than one sound, and j are also used with the mark ˆ—
c (whose two English sounds are represented by k and s) has the sound of ts, as in its, tsar.
ĉ like ch, tch, in church, match.
g hard, as in go, gig, gun.
ĝ soft, as in gentle, gem, or like j in just, Jew.
h well breathed, as in horse, home, how.
ĥ strongly breathed, and in the throat, as in the Scotch word loch. (Ask any Scotsman to pronounce it). ĥ occurs but seldom. It is the Irish gh in lough, and the Welsh ch.
j like y in yes, you, or j in hallelujah, fjord.
ĵ like s in pleasure, or the French j, as in dejeuner, Jean d'Arc.
s like ss in ass, less, never like s in rose.
ŝ like sh in she, shall, ship, or s in sugar, sure.
In newspapers, etc., which have not the proper type, ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ are often replaced by ch, gh, hh, jh, sh, or by c', g', h', j', s', and ŭ by u.
ŭ is also a consonant, and has the sound of w in we, as Eŭropo, or u in persuade.
The vowels a, e, i, o, u have not the English, but the Continental sounds.
a always like a in ah! or in tart.
e like e in bend, but broader, like e in there.
i is a sound between ee in meet and i in is.
o like o in for, or in the Scottish no, or au in aught.
u like oo in boot, poor.
a, e, i, o, u are all simple sounds, that is, the mouth is kept in one position while they are being sounded. In learning them lengthen them out, and be careful not to alter the position of the mouth, however long they are drawn out. In the compound sounds given below the shape of the mouth changes; to get the correct pronunciation sound each letter fully and distinctly, gradually bringing them closer until they run together, when they become almost as follows:—
aj nearly like ai in aisle, or i in nice, fine.
ej nearly like ei in vein.
oj nearly like oy in boy, or oi in void.
uj nearly like uj in hallelujah.
aŭ like ahw, or nearly ou in house, pronounced broadly, haouse.
eŭ like ehw, or ey w in they were, ayw in wayward.
Practise saying aja, eja, oja, uja, aŭa, eŭa several times quickly. Then gradually drop the final a.
The accent or stress is always placed on the syllable before the last, as es-pe-ro, es-pe-ran-to, es-pe-ran-tis-to, es-pe-ran-tis-ti-no; ju-na, ju-nu-lo, ju-nu-la-ro. All the syllables must be clearly pronounced, not slurred over.
a (as in bath), pat-ra, la-na, a-gra-bla, mal-var-ma, kla-ra, pa-fa-do.
e (as in bend), be-la, mem, fe-nes-tro, ven-dre-do, tre-e-ge, le-te-ro.
i (as in see), mi, i-li, i-mi-ti, vi-zi-ti, trin-ki, in-sis-ti.
o (as in for), ho-mo, ro-zo, ko-lom-bo, dor-mo (the r rolled), mor-to, po-po-lo.
u (as in boot), u-nu, dum, bru-lu, sur-tu-to, vul-tu-ro, mur-mur-i.
aj (as in nice), ajn, kaj, raj-to, taj-lo-ro, faj-ro, be-laj.
ej (as in play), vej-no, hej-mo, plej, hej-to.
oj (as in boy), pat-roj, foj-no, ho-mojn, koj-no, soj-lo, kon-koj.
uj (as in hallelujah), tuj, ĉi-uj, ti-uj.
aŭ (as in cow), an-taŭ, laŭ-bo, fraŭ-li-no, kaŭ-zi, aŭs- kul-tu, aŭ-di.
eŭ (like ehw), Eŭ-ro-po, neŭ-ral-gi-o, Eŭ-kar-is-to, reŭ-ma-tis-mo.
c (= ts, bits), ce-lo, fa-ci-la (=fa-tsee-la), be-le-co (be-le-tso), ofi-ci-ro, pa-co, ci-ko-ni-o, co-lo.
ĉ (= tch, match), ĉu, eĉ, ĉe, ĉam-bro, ĉer-pi, tran-ĉi, ri-ĉa.
g (as in good), lon-ga, le-gi, ge-nu-o, gen-to, gli-ti, gro-so.
ĝ (as in gem), ĝe-mi, ĝis, ĝar-de-no, sa-ĝa, man-ĝi, re-ĝo.
h (breathed), ha-ro, hi-run-do, ha-rin-go, his-to-ri-o, he-de-ro, him-no.
ĥ (in throat), ĥe-mi-o, ĥo-le-ro, me-ĥa-ni-ko, e-ĥo, ĥa-o-so.
j (like y), ju-na, ma-jes-ta, sin-jo-ro, ka-je-ro, jes, ja.
ĵ (= zh), bon-aĵ-o, ĵe-ti, ĵur-na-lo, ĵus, ĵaŭ-do, ĵa-lu-zo.
s (ss), su-per, ses, sta-ri, trans, ves-pe-ro, svin-gi.
ŝ (sh), fre-ŝa, ŝe-lo, ku-ŝi, ŝtu-po, ŝvi-ti, ŝve-li.
kz, ek-zer-co, ek-zem-plo, ek-za-me-no, ek-ze-ku-ti, ek-zi-li, ek-zis-ti.
kv, kvar, kvin, kvi-e-ta, kvan-kam, kver-ko, kva-zaŭ.
gv, gvi-di, lin-gvo.
kn, kna-bo, kne-di.
sc (sts), sci-o (sts-ee-o), sce-no (stse-no), scep-tro, eks-ci-ti (eks-tsee-tee), eks-cel-en-co (eks-tsel-en-tso), sci-en-co (stsee-en-tso).
cen-to, sen-to; ce-lo, se-lo, ŝe-lo; co-lo, ko-lo; ci, ĉi; ec, eĉ; kru-co, kru-ĉo; pa-go, pa-ĝo; re-gi, re-ĝi; se-gi, se-ĝo; ho-ro, ĥo-ro; pe-si, pe-zi; ste-lo, ŝte-lo; san-go, ŝan-go; ver-so, ver-ŝi; dis-i-ri, dis-ŝi-ri; gus-ta, ĝus-ta; stu-po, ŝtu-po; sta-lo, ŝta-lo; pos-to, poŝ-to; re-ser-vi, re-zer-vi; ru-ĝi-gi, ru-ĉi-ĝi; ri-ĉi-gi, ri-ĉi-ĝi, ri-ĉe-co; fti-zo.
a-e-ro, oce-a-no, fe-i-no, ĝu-i, pe-re-i, pe-re-u; fo-i-ro, ĉi-u-ja-ra, vo-joj, tro-u-zi, for-ram-pi, ku-i-ri; skva-mo, zo-o-lo-gi-o, en-u-i, de-tru-u, ŝpru-ci, ru-i-ni; Jan-u-a-ro, Feb-ru-a-ro, li-e-no, ho-di-aŭ, hi-e-raŭ, Hun-gár-u-jo, Ne-a-po-lo, sci-u-ro.
Note.—A useful mnemonic for the Esperanto vowels is par, pear, pier, pore, poor, but the sounds should not be dragged. It is helpful to note that the English words mate, reign, pane, bend; meet, beat, feel, lady; grow, loan, soft; mute, yes, mule (as pronounced in London and South of England), would be written in Esperanto thus:—mejt, rejn, pejn, bend; mijt, bijt, fijl, lejdi; groŭ, loŭn, soft; mjut, jes, mjul.
In Esperanto a word generally consists of an unchanging part or root, which expresses the idea, and an ending which shows the use of the word, that is, whether it is a name, a describing word, etc. By changing the ending the use of the word is changed.
Notice carefully the words given below which end in o. It will be seen that they are all names.
In Esperanto every name ends in o.
(In Grammar names are called Nouns).
Notice further the words which end in -as. They all express doing or being (action or state), which is going on at the present time, or which is a custom at the present time.
The words "a," "an," are not expressed; "the" is translated by la.
Patro kaj frato. Leono estas besto. Rozo estas floro kaj kolombo estas birdo. La rozo apartenas al Teodoro. La suno brilas. La patro estas tajloro. Kie estas la libro kaj la krajono? Jen estas pomo. Sur la tero kuŝas ŝtono. Sur la fenestro kuŝas krajono kaj plumo. La filo staras apud la patro. Jen kuŝas la ĉapelo de la patro. La patro estas en la ĉambro. Antaŭ la domo staras arbo.
Kio estas leono? Kio estas rozo? Kio brilas? Kio estas la patro? Kie estas la patro? Kio estas sur la fenestro? Kie estas la plumo?
Ĉu leono estas besto? Jes, leono estas besto. Ĉu rozo estas birdo? Ne, rozo ne estas birdo, rozo estas floro.
Every "describing" word, that is, every word which tells the kind or quality of a person or thing, ends in "a," as granda, large; ruĝa, red.
(A describing word is called an ADJECTIVE).
La patro estas sana. Infano ne estas matura homo. La ĉielo estas blua. Leono estas forta. La patro estas bona. La mano de Johano estas pura. Papero estas blanka. Blanka papero kuŝas sur la tablo. Jen estas la kajero de la juna fraŭlino. Sur la ĉielo staras la bela suno. La papero estas tre blanka, sed la neĝo estas pli blanka. Lakto estas pli nutra, ol vino. La pano estas freŝa. La onklo estas pli riĉa, ol la frato. Jen kuŝas ruĝa rozo. La hundo estas tre fidela. La libro estas nova.
When the name (noun) is required to denote more than one of the persons or things for which it stands, j is added to it, as rozoj, roses; kolomboj, pigeons; and then every "describing" word (adjective) which belongs to it must also have j, as ruĝaj rozoj, red roses; la kolomboj estas belaj, the pigeons are beautiful.
(When the noun stands for "more than one," it is said to be plural. j is the sign of the plural).
La birdoj flugas. La kanto de la birdoj estas agrabla. Kie estas la knaboj? La patroj estas sanaj. Infanoj ne estas maturaj homoj. Leonoj estas fortaj. La manoj de Johano estas puraj. Jen estas la kajeroj de la junaj fraŭlinoj. La onkloj estas pli riĉaj, ol la fratoj. La hundoj estas tre fidelaj. Blankaj paperoj kuŝas sur la tablo. En la ĉambro estas novaj ĉapeloj. Kie estas la akraj tranĉiloj? Bonaj infanoj estas diligentaj. Jen kuŝas puraj, blankaj, delikataj lilioj. La dentoj de leonoj estas akraj.
By adding a the pronouns are made to denote a quality, in this case possession, as mia libro, my book; via pomo, your apple; ilia infano, their child.
When the name to which these "pronoun-adjectives" belong is plural they must of course take j, as miaj libroj, my books; viaj pomoj, your apples; iliaj infanoj, their children.
In speaking of relations and parts of the body la is often used instead of mia, lia, etc., as La filo staras apud la patro, The son stands by the (his) father.
For "mine," "ours," etc., mia, nia, etc., may be used either with or without la, as La libro estas mia, or La libro estas la mia, The book is mine.
Oni is used for one, they, people, when these words are indefinite in meaning, as in the sentences:—Here one can speak fearlessly, Tie ĉi oni povas maltime paroli, They say that he is rich, Oni diras, ke li estas riĉa, People often eat too quickly, Oni ofte manĝas tro rapide.
Mi legas. Vi skribas. Li estas knabo, kaj ŝi estas knabino. Ni estas homoj. Vi estas infanoj. Ili estas rusoj. Kie estas la knaboj? Ili estas en la ĝardeno, Kie estas la knabinoj? Ili ankaŭ estas en la ĝardeno. Kie estas la tranĉiloj? Ili kuŝas sur la tablo. La infano ploras, ĉar ĝi volas manĝi. Sinjoro, vi estas neĝentila. Sinjoroj, vi estas neĝentilaj. Oni diras; ke la vero ĉiam venkas. La domo apartenas al li. Mi venas de la avo, kaj mi iras nun al la onklo. Mi estas tiel forta, kiel vi. Nun mi legas, vi legas, kaj li legas, ni ĉiuj legas. Vi skribas, kaj la infanoj skribas, ili (vi) ĉiuj sidas silente kaj skribas.
Mia hundo, vi estas tre fidela. Li estas mia onklo, ĉar mia patro estas lia frato. El ĉiuj miaj infanoj, Ernesto estas la plej juna. Lia patro kaj liaj fratoj estas en la ĝardeno. ŝia onklo estas en la domo. Kie estas viaj libroj? Niaj libroj kuŝas sur la tablo; iliaj krajonoj kaj ilia papero ankaŭ kuŝas sur la tablo.
Kiu estas en la ĉambro? Kiuj estas en la ĉambro? La sinjoro, kiu legas, estas mia amiko. La sinjoro, al kiu vi skribas, estas tajloro. Kio kuŝas sur la tablo?
In order to understand the meaning of a sentence it is necessary to be able to recognise clearly and unmistakably what it is that is spoken about, that is, what the subject of the sentence is. In English this is often to be recognised only by its position in the sentence. For instance, the three words—visited, John, George, can be arranged to mean two entirely, different things, either "John visited George," or "George visited John." [Footnote: In teaching Esperanto to children it is well to make sure before going further that they thoroughly understand, what the subject is. The subject is that which we think or speak about. The word which stands for it is the subject of the sentence. The children may be required to underline the subject of each sentence in a suitable piece of prose or verse.] In Esperanto the sense does not depend on the arrangement—" Johano vizitis Georgon" and "Georgon vizitis Johano" mean exactly the same thing, that John visited George, the n at the end of "Georgon" showing that "Georgon" is not the subject. There is no want of
clearness about the following (Esperanto) sentences, absurd as they are in English:—
In these sentences the subjects are at once seen to be hundo, kato, Johano, knabo, onklo, pentristo, fiŝisto, for the final n in patron, infanon, birdojn, musojn, kokidon, bildon, fiŝojn, distinguishes these words from the subject.
This use of n renders clear sentences that are not clear in English. "John loves Mary more than George" may mean "more than John loves George" or "more than George loves Mary." In Esperanto it is quite clear. "Johano amas Marion, pli ol Georgo" means "more than George loves Mary," because "Georgo" is the subject of the second (elliptical) sentence, but "Johano amas Marion, pli ol Georgon" means "more than John loves George," because the final n in Georgon shows this to be not the subject.
There are cases, however, in which it is not necessary to add n, the noun or pronoun being distinguished from the subject in another way. Examples are found in the first exercise:—Sur la tero kuŝas ŝtono, On the ground lies a stone. Antaŭ la pordo staras arbo, Before the door stands a tree. Notwithstanding their position, "ground" and "door" are seen to be not the subject, because before them are the words "on," "before," which connect them with the rest of the sentence—it is "on the ground," "before the door." So with other sentences.
The words on, before, and others given [in Lesson 26] are called prepositions (pre = before). The noun or pronoun which follows them can never be the subject of the sentence.
Remember, then, that
N is added to every noun and pronoun, other than the subject, unless it has a preposition before it. [Footnote: (i.). The explanation usually given for the use of final n is, that n is added to nouns and pronouns (a) in the Accusative Case (the direct object), (b) when the preposition is omitted. The explanation given above seems to me, however, to be much simpler. (ii.). Another use of final n is given later [Lesson 12, Lesson 26] ]
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